Question 1

What should you do if you suspect you have been injured or harmed due to a nursing error?

Accepted Answer

As soon as you realize that you or a loved one may have suffered serious harm as a result of a nursing error, you should contact an experienced personal injury lawyer to learn about your rights, options, and how to proceed with a claim for compensation if your case is actionable.

As members of one of the country's top ranked personal injury firms, Gluckstein's nursing errors medical malpractice team have the skill needed to manage even the most challenging cases. After launching a preliminary investigation, if we determine we can help you successfully access compensation and damages for the harm done to you, we will offer to be your legal representative and advocate. As we advance your case through proceedings, our team will keep you informed every step of the way and be ready to offer support in any way we can.

Question 2

What are common examples of nursing errors?

Accepted Answer

Common nursing errors include medication errors, errors with documentation, failure to properly monitor patient, obstetrical monitoring errors and failing to advise other members of the team when necessary.

Question 3

What is a nursing error?

Accepted Answer

If a nurse breaches standard practices of care due to negligence and a patient suffers an injury or other harm as a result, it is called nursing error medical malpractice.

Question 4

How can Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers' medical malpractice team help if you suspect you have been injured or harmed due to a medication error?

Accepted Answer

As knowledgeable, experienced, and skilled personal injury lawyers, the Gluckstein medication errors team can investigate the circumstance behind your injury and determine if you have an actionable claim for compensation and damages from a medical practitioner or provider.

Question 5

Are certain people at higher risk of medication errors?

Accepted Answer

The groups at greatest risk of harm related to medication safety incidents include children and youth, older or elderly people, people taking multiple medications, people with cognitive impairment, people with mental health conditions, and people with disabilities, among others.

Question 6

What are common examples of medication errors?

Accepted Answer

The vast majority of medication errors occur as they are administered. These mistakes could include a wrong dose, wrong medication, wrong patient, wrong route of delivery, wrong time of delivery or improper directions or instructions for taking the medication.

Question 7

What is a medication error?

Accepted Answer

A medication error is a mistake with medication. These errors can be related to a medication product itself, or the practice and procedure of prescribing, transcribing, ordering, compounding, dispensing, distributing, administering and/or monitoring medications.

Question 8

How can Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers' medical malpractice team help if you were injured or harmed due to lack of informed consent?

Accepted Answer

A knowledgeable and skilled personal injury lawyer with experience in lack of informed consent cases can help determine if your case is actionable. If there are grounds for a claim, our team will draw on our extensive network of medical experts to help build a strong case for compensation and damages.

Question 9

What should you do if you suspect you have been injured or harmed due to lack of informed consent?

Accepted Answer

Contact an experienced personal injury lawyer as soon as possible after you realize you may have suffered bodily harm due to lack of informed consent. An investigation should begin quickly to preserve memory and to collect medical documents for a preliminary investigation.

Question 10

Why are lack of informed consent cases sometimes challenging to pursue?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent cases require two elements 1) that the patient was not fully informed and 2) that had they been fully informed they would not have accepted the treatment. This is a difficult test to pass as most patients do accept the recommendations of their doctors.

Question 11

What are some situations where informed consent is not necessary?

Accepted Answer

In most emergency situations, a health practitioner may provide treatment without consent. A substitute decision-maker may be required to provide consent if a patient does not have the capacity to provide it. Once informed consent is obtained, a health practitioner is entitled to presume that consent to treatment includes consent to reasonable variations or changes in the treatment provided.

Question 12

What is informed consent?

Accepted Answer

When a patient is given sufficient information about a medical treatment plan to understand and accept the risks and consequences of course of action, they can give informed consent to proceed with such actions.

Question 13

How can Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers' medical malpractice team help if you suspect you have been injured due to a chiropractic error?

Accepted Answer

If you believe you or a loved one was injured due to a chiropractic error, Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers' extensive network of medical experts can be called on to review your medical records and help determine if your chiropractor was negligent when providing patient care. If you have an actionable claim, our team can help build a case to persuade the defendant to settle fairly or pursue the matter at trial if necessary.

Question 14

What are other forms of chiropractic medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

In addition to causing injury through improper physical manipulation, a chiropractor may cause harm to a patient by failing to diagnose a serious condition and refer the patient to a doctor, failing to prepare for chiropractic treatment by properly recording and evaluating a patient's medical history, and failing to provide the information necessary for a patient to provide informed consent to treatment.

Question 15

What are some examples of injuries caused by chiropractic errors?

Accepted Answer

When a chiropractor moves the joints beyond their normal range of motion, serious injury can occur. Strokes caused by cervical (carotid or vertebral) arterial dissection are the most common, and most serious form of injury from chiropractic errors. Other injuries include: nerve damage (numbness or tingling sensations), vertigo, spinal stenosis, herniated discs, pinched arteries, muscle weakness, facial paralysis, incontinence from bladder and bowel paralysis, and aggravating bone diseases.

Question 16

What is chiropractic care?

Accepted Answer

Chiropractic care is used to treat certain neuromusculoskeletal conditions. Chiropractors frequently use physical manipulations on the spine and other joints to provide care for these conditions as opposed to using medicine or invasive surgical treatments. Chiropractors may also provide soft tissue therapy, cold laser therapy, ultrasound therapy, and advice and education on coping strategies for pain.

Question 17

Who is responsible for benefits and damages if you're hurt in an accident while riding a taxi or rideshare?

Accepted Answer

In Ontario, both the owner and driver of a vehicle partially or fully responsible for an accident are liable for damages. The type of liability the owner and driver would be exposed to would likely differ if they are not the same person. If you have motor vehicle insurance, you would apply for accident benefits through your own policy. If you do not have a policy, you would apply through the policy of another driver. Establishing which insurer is responsible for benefits and/or damages in taxi and rideshare accident can be complicated and it is always advisable to consult an experience personal injury lawyer to help you clarify matters and understand your rights.

Question 18

What kind of insurance is required to operate taxis and rideshares?

Accepted Answer

To operate a taxi in Ontario, drivers must purchase additional endorsements on their motor vehicle insurance. These endorsements include: OPCF #6A - Permission to Carry Passengers for Compensation Endorsement, OPCF #19 - Limiting the Amount Paid for Loss or Damage Coverage, OPCF #21b - Blanket Fleet Coverage, OPCF #22 - Damage to Property of Passengers. Some rideshare companies such as Uber have also purchased commercial auto insurance policies to further cover their drivers.

Question 19

What do I do if I've been injured in an accident while riding a taxi or rideshare?

Accepted Answer

Once you have taken care to ensure your immediate safety, you should report the accident to police, seek examination by a medical professional at the scene or as soon as possible afterwards, record the contact information and insurance information of all other people involved in the accident, record the contact information of any witnesses, take photos and/or video of the scene of the accident and visible injuries, contact a personal injury lawyer to ensure you understand your rights and then call your insurance provider, or the insurance provider of another driver involved in the accident if you do not have insurance.

Question 20

How will Gluckstein Lawyers' catastrophic injury accident benefits lawyers help?

Accepted Answer

Our team of experienced, skilled and knowledgable catastrophic accident benefits lawyers will assist in filing your claim for benefits, disputing any insurer denials, and building a case to access additional funds through a tort claim if you are eligible to make one.

Question 21

Aside from accident benefits, how can someone deemed catastrophically injured in a motor vehicle accident fund their care?

Accepted Answer

If another person's negligence caused or contributed to your injuries, you may be able to file a tort claim for additional compensation and damages. These civil claims are important and it is possible a person with severe injuries or disabilities will exhaust their SABS benefits while still requiring attendant or other medical care.

Question 22

Why is it important to receive a catastrophic designation?

Accepted Answer

The Statutory Accident Benefits Schedule provides up to $65,000 for medical and attendant care for up to five years, additional funds for income loss and other benefits such as housekeeping services for non-minor, non-catastrophic injuries. In contrast, catastrophic injuries may access up to $1 million for medical and attendant care and more for income loss, caregivers and housekeeping over a lifetime. There is a lot of money riding on making a successful claim for catastrophic injury benefits.

Question 23

How are catastrophic injuries defined?

Accepted Answer

Injuries are given a catastrophic designation if they align with one or more of eight criteria in the Statutory Accident Benefits Schedule (SABS) guidelines (or an analogous test for an accident victim under the age of 18).

Question 24

What can you do if you're denied accident benefits?

Accepted Answer

Insurers may have an internal process for contesting a denial of benefits letter. Otherwise, you can submit your case to the Licence Appeal Tribunal (LAT) for review.

Question 25

Are there time limits to apply for accident benefits?

Accepted Answer

A motor vehicle accident involving bodily harm must be reported to police and insurers within seven days (or as soon a reasonably possibly thereafter if circumstances won't permit a report within seven days) for certain benefits. The Application for Accident Benefits (OCF-1) form you receive from an insurer must be completed within 30 days.

Question 26

How do I obtain accident benefits following a motor vehicle accident?

Accepted Answer

After contacting your insurer or the insurer of another driver involved in the accident, you will be sent an Application for Accident Benefits (OCF-1) form.

Question 27

What benefits are available to someone who is injured in a motor vehicle accident?

Accepted Answer

The Statutory Accident Benefits Schedule for motor vehicle accidents includes: medical and rehabilitation benefits, attendant care benefits, income replacement benefits, non-earner benefits, caregiver benefits, housekeeping benefits, death and funeral benefits, other benefits.

Question 28

What happens if you cannot work due to symptoms of long-haul COVID?

Accepted Answer

During the pandemic governments created benefits programs for people who could not work due to COVID infections. As these programs wound down, a person experiencing long-haul COVID would likely need to apply for disability benefits through their employer's health insurance policy, they own policy, or though the Employment insurance disability benefits program.

Question 29

What are long-haul COVID symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Common symptoms include: fatigue (including chronic fatigue syndrome); shortness of breath or difficulty breathing; cough; joint pain; chest pain; memory, concentration or sleep problems; muscle pain or headache; fast or pounding heartbeat; loss of smell or taste; depression or anxiety; fever; dizziness when you stand; worsened symptoms after physical or mental activities. Symptoms may be new onset following initial recovery from an acute COVID-19 episode or persist from the initial illness. Symptoms may also fluctuate or relapse over time.

Question 30

What is long-haul COVID?

Accepted Answer

Long-haul COVID occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection, usually 3 months from the onset of COVID-19 with symptoms and that last for at least 2 months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

Question 31

Why are long term disability claims related to mental health sometimes denied?

Accepted Answer

As an "invisible" disability, diagnosing and assessing the severity mental illnesses often requires medical providers to consider an individual's self-reported symptoms. Insurers seeking to validate disability claims may their own doctors to review an individual's medical history, require new testing or assessments, and may conduct surveillance to determine if an applicant is as disabled as they claim. Sometimes insurers will use information or alternative opinions in these new findings as a basis to deny a claim.

Question 32

What if I cannot work due to a mental illness?

Accepted Answer

Beyond using regular sick days, many people draw on short-term disability benefits if their symptoms prevent them from working for weeks at a time. Generally these benefits cover between 60 to 100 percent of your salary or average pay for up to six month to a year and they are paid from an employer’s plan or from Employment Insurance sickness benefits. If you still cannot return to work after the short-term disability benefits ends, you may be able to receive long-term disability benefits.

Question 33

What are some common symptoms of mental illnesses?

Accepted Answer

Symptoms common to more than one type major mental illness include: Fatigue; changes in eating habits; changes in sleeping patterns; lack of interest in previously pleasurable activities; distancing yourself from others; inability to maintain peaceful relationships with loved ones; extreme mood swings; unusual anger; sadness; irritability; confusion or fright; memory problems; unwanted memories/flashbacks or persistent thoughts; unexplained pain or body aches; substance abuse; suicidal thoughts; hearing voices that are not there.

Question 34

What are some of the most commonly reported mental illnesses?

Accepted Answer

Some of the most commonly reported mental illnesses include: Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder or social anxiety disorder), bipolar disorder, depression (persistent depressive disorder or major depressive disorder), eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, Binge Eating Disorder (BED), Compulsive Over Eating (COE), etc., Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia.

Question 35

What is mental illness?

Accepted Answer

A mental illness or mental disorder is a condition that can cause changes in cognition, behaviour and/or emotion. Although brain-based, these conditions can also result in debilitating physical symptoms, including reduced energy levels, sleep disturbances and chronic pain.

Question 36

When is it not appropriate to use forceps or vacuum extraction?

Accepted Answer

Forceps and vacuum extractions are not recommended: for women less than 34 weeks pregnant; when the baby has a condition affecting bone strength; when the position of the baby’s head is not known; when the head had not reached and passed the midpoint of the birth canal; when the baby’s arms, feet, shoulders or buttocks are leading the way down the birth canal.

Question 37

If forceps and vacuums are used during birth, is it usually a sign of medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

No. These instruments can and often are used safely to assist wth difficult vaginal births. However, if your child sustained a birth injury and these devices were used, it is important to investigate to determine if improper use caused the injury.

Question 38

What are forceps and vacuums?

Accepted Answer

Forceps and vacuums are types of medical instruments used during assisted vaginal deliveries. Shaped like a pair of long tongs or spoons, forceps are slid on either side of the baby’s head to help guide it out of the birth canal. In a vacuum extraction, a properly sized rigid or soft cup attached to a handle is placed on the baby’s head and attached using suction.

Question 39

What are some symptoms of periventricular leukomalacian (PVL)?

Accepted Answer

Depending on the severity and location of the brain damage, a child may have no symptoms or experience significant disability. Symptoms often become more apparent over time and tend to be pronounced by six to nine months of age. They may include: spastic diplegia, cerebral palsy, developmental delays (mental and physical), poor coordination, vision problems and difficulty with eye movement, hearing loss, cognitive impairment and learning disabilities, developmental delay (mental and physical), scoliosis, seizures, urinary incontinence.

Question 40

How is periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) diagnosed?

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of PVL are frequently associated with other conditions and disorders. Therefore, a physical exam in itself may be the first step in a diagnosis, but confirmation usually comes from either a cranial ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Question 41

What is periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)?

Accepted Answer

PVL is a condition where damage to cells or cell death causes a softening of white brain tissue near the ventricles (fluid-filled chambers in the brain). It is believed that PVL is caused if the brain receives too little blood and/or oxygen.

Question 42

What are some common injuries from obstetrical errors?

Accepted Answer

Obstetrical errors can harm a pregnant woman, her fetus, or her baby. Common injuries for pregnant women include perineal injury (blood loss, skin, tissue and muscle damage, injury to the vaginal mucosa or anal sphincter), pelvic floor injury (muscle and nerve damage, prolapsed organs), postpartum infection, and spinal injuries from epidurals. A fetus may suffer from lack of oxygen, fetal distress, fetal infection, and placental abruption. Newborns may experience trauma from forceps and vacuums, lack of oxygen, untreated infection, improper resuscitation, and kernicterus.

Question 43

When is obstetrical error medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring the health of a patient/patients during a pregnancy, delivery and the first few weeks after birth requires certain knowledge, skill and experience. Although no medical provider is held to the standard of perfection, if their negligent actions or inaction breach standards of obstetrical care and cause injury or harm, it may be considered obstetrical error medical malpractice. In these cases, the medical provider may be liable for compensating a patient for the damage they caused.

Question 44

What are some common obstetrical errors?

Accepted Answer

Some common obstetrical errors include: misdiagnosis, surgical errors, medication errors, and postpartum birth injuries. The most common reasons for these errors tend to be errors in clinical judgement, miscommunication, technical issues, and inadequate supervision.

Question 45

How does Gluckstein establish negligence in a newborn infection medical malpractice case?

Accepted Answer

For a newborn infection medical malpractice claim to be successful, a personal injury lawyer must establish that standards of care have been breached, that the breach directly caused serious harm to a person, and that another person's negligent action or inaction caused this harm. To establish negligence, we conduct a preliminary investigation into a client's medical files to determine when and how the infection started, how long it took to identify it, and how it was treated once identified. We also consult medical experts who can provide an opinion about whether it is reasonable to think a doctor with a similar level of experience under similar circumstances would have made the same choices based on protocols in place.

Question 46

When is a newborn infection medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

When an infection is not treated in a proper manner, or if a newborn acquires an infection that ought to have been preventable, it could mean standards of care have been breached due to a medical provider's negligence. This is called newborn infection medical malpractice.

Question 47

What are some common newborn infections?

Accepted Answer

An infection can begin in utero (during pregnancy), at birth (during delivery) or after birth (in the first few days and weeks). Common maternal infections that affect the fetus/newborn include: toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, zika, HIV, Hepatitis B. Common infections a baby may be exposed to at birth include: streptococcal bacteria, gonococcal bacteria, chlamydia, escherichia coli (E. coli), listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes), herpes simplex, HIV Hepatitis B. Some common postpartum infections include: bacterial meningitis, sepsis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia.

Question 48

How does Gluckstein establish negligence in resuscitation of a newborn medical malpractice case?

Accepted Answer

Once establishing the kind(s) of birth injury a client has sustained, Gluckstein conducts a preliminary investigation into the role one or more medical providers may have played by examining the baby's and mother's medical records. If there is any indication that standards of care have been breached, we consult with experts in the field to determine the likelihood the breach caused the injury and whether a medical provider's careless or reckless actions or inaction caused this breach.

Question 49

When is a resuscitation of a new born medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

If there have been signs of fetal distress, if a baby is not breathing or crying normally, or if it does not have a healthy colour or skin tone, a medical provider would likely determine that something beyond routine after-birth care is needed to assist the baby. If the baby’s heart rate is less than 100 beats per minute, some level of resuscitation effort is likely needed. More significant interventions are required if the baby’s heart rate falls below 60 bpm. If the standard of care to provide resuscitation in these scenarios are breached without extenuating circumstances, the medical provider's negligence may cause or contribute to a baby's injuries. This is called medical malpractice.

Question 50

What is the resuscitation of a newborn?

Accepted Answer

Newborns may require some level of intervention to help them with their breathing or to help them start breathing. Up to one in 10 babies born require simple stimulation (drying and rubbing) to help them breath. Three to six percent of newborns require basic resuscitation (bag-and-mask ventilation). Less than one percent need more serious interventions, including: endotracheal intubation, chest compressions and/or medication.

Question 51

How do you establish negligence in a jaundice medical malpractice case?

Accepted Answer

If your baby has suffered a serious injury from uncontrolled jaundice and you believe it to be the result of medical malpractice, our team will conduct a preliminary investigation of the baby's medical records to determine the context of the injury. Then, in consultation with our extensive network of medical and non-medical experts, we will build a case that demonstrates a medical provider's negligence led to a breach of the standard of care that caused the baby's injury.

Question 52

When is jaundice medical malpractice?

Accepted Answer

Jaundice is a common condition in newborns. Often it will resolve on its own or with minimal intervention from medical providers. In more serious cases phototherapy or transfusions are used to reduce bilirubin levels. If a medical provider fails to identify, monitor and effectively treat jaundice, it can cause serious injury or death. Medical malpractice occurs when the standards of care are breached by a medical provider due to negligence and a patient suffers harm.

Question 53

What is the birth injury kernicterus (brain injury) from hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice?

Accepted Answer

As a body breaks down old red blood cells, it creates a yellow pigment called bilirubin that is processed by the liver prior to excretion. Some newborns have underdeveloped livers that cannot process this waste efficiently. If there is a delay or disruption in this process, bilirubin that builds up in the body may begin to collect in brain tissue and cause serious and permanent brain damage (bilirubin encephalopathy).

Question 54

How do you establish negligence in a birth injury case?

Accepted Answer

The law provides doctors and other healthcare professionals with some leniency in making difficult decisions. For example, the best option for a patient’s care is not always clear. For that reason, doctors must adhere to a medically accepted standard of care that is reasonably expected of all healthcare professionals. This prevents legal claims in cases where a physician acted reasonably to diagnose or treat an illness or injury to the best of their ability.

Unfortunately, not all doctors meet this standard of care, and those who do not could face civil liability for damages caused to patients. To prevail in a medical negligence claim, an injured or sick patient must prove that their physician’s or surgeon’s failure to meet the standard of care directly caused their medical injuries.

Question 55

How do birth injuries occur?

Accepted Answer

Many preventable birth injuries are the result of a doctor, nurse, staff member, or other healthcare provider’s careless or reckless behaviour. The extent of the negligence involved is a significant factor in the severity of a child’s birth injury.

Failure to adequately monitor a mother for signs of complications, improper use of forceps or other delivery tools, errors made while delivering the child, and failure to recognize signs of fetal distress can all lead to severe birth injuries. Oxygen deprivation to the child, inadequate delivery room protocols and procedures, and delayed diagnosis of infections also commonly form the basis of successful birth injury claims

Question 56

What is Orthopaedic Trauma?

Accepted Answer

Orthopaedic injuries cause damage to musculoskeletal structures in the body, including sprains, strains and tears. Blunt force trauma can cause bruising, cuts, fractures (broken bones), herniated discs, and dislocated joints.

Question 57

What is considered to be a catastrophic injury?

Accepted Answer

A catastrophic injury causes significant and permanent impact or damage to a victim. However, the term catastrophic injury has a specific meaning and is defined by certain criteria when applied to Ontario's Statutory Accident Benefits Schedule (SABS) for motor vehicle accidents.

Some examples of catastrophic injuries according to SABS criteria include:

A severe brain injury;
Loss of a limb;
Extreme loss of vision; and
Paralysis, among other injuries.

Question 58

How long do you have to press charges for sexual assault in Canada?

Accepted Answer

Unlike other crimes or cases of civil liability, there is no statute of limitations for sexual assault cases in Ontario. Even if the assault occurred decades ago, you can still pursue criminal charges or other avenues for justice.

Question 59

How long does a sexual assault investigation take Ontario?

Accepted Answer

A sexual assault investigation can take anywhere from a few months to a few years depending on the circumstances, the number of parties involved, and what legal avenue a sexual assault survivor chooses.

Question 60

What is the process of a sexual assault case?

Accepted Answer

A sexual assault survivor has many options for how to proceed. They may:

Bring the case to police for a criminal investigation;
File a human rights complaint;
Lodge a complaint with a professional disciplinary body that the perpetrator belongs to;
Seek emergency funding from Ontario’s Victim Quick Response Program; or
File a civil claim.

A sexual assault lawyer at Gluckstein Personal Injury Lawyers will carefully explain each of these options and steps involved so you can make an informed decision.

Question 61

What is considered institutional sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

If sexual abuse has been committed against someone who is owed a duty of care by a public or private institution, it can be considered institutional sexual abuse. The abuse can be committed by someone in a position of institutional leadership or another person receiving the services of the institution. Although the institution may not have committed the sexual abuse or known about it, if their negligent actions or inaction caused or contributed to the circumstances that allowed it to take place, the institution may share liability.

Some examples of institutions where cases of sexual abuse have taken place include:

Residential schools;
Foster homes and group homes;
Day schools;
Daycare;
Hospitals;
Nursing homes;
Religious centres;
Youth sport activities and clubs;
Seniors residences;
Assisted living centres;
Youth corrections facilities;
Jails and prisons.

Question 62

What is considered historical sexual assault?

Accepted Answer

Historic sexual assault or historic sexual abuse are terms to refer to actions that occurred in the distant past. In these cases there may no longer be any physical evidence of the events, but testimony from the survivor can still be persuasive to a court.

Question 63

Is sexual assault a violation of human rights?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Sexual assault is a form of sexual harassment under Ontario’s Human Rights Code.

You can lodge a complaint through the Human Rights Legal Support Centre if the sexual assault occurred in relation to:

Employment relationships;
Accommodation/housing;
Providing goods and services or access to facilities;
Creating contracts; and/or
Membership in professional associations or trade unions.

Question 64

Is there a time limit to report a sexual assault to the police?

Accepted Answer

There is no set time for reporting a sexual assault. The police will begin by taking a statement from you and will then start to collect evidence. If there is enough evidence, the police will lay charges. It is important for any survivor to understand that even if the police do not lay charges, it does not mean they do not believe you. Rather, there may not be enough evidence to proceed within criminal court.

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